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<CENTER><B>CHAPTER 2.&nbsp; THE SIMPLE PRESENT OF VERBS OTHER THAN THE VERB TO BE</B></CENTER></FONT></TD></TR></TABLE><P>

<!--page 8-->
<A NAME="1"></A>
<CENTER><B>1. Formation of the simple present</B></CENTER><BR>
The Simple Present of any verb other than the verb <B>to be</B> is formed
from the <B>bare infinitive</B> of the verb. As shown in the following
examples, the bare infinitive of a verb consists of the infinitive
without the word <B>to</B>. The bare infinitive is the form in which
English verbs are usually listed in dictionaries. For example:<BR><BR>
<TABLE width="95%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD><U><B>Infinitive</B></U></TD><TD><U><B>Bare Infinitive</B></U></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; to be</TD><TD>&nbsp; be</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; to walk</TD><TD>&nbsp; walk</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; to work</TD><TD>&nbsp; work</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<BR>
In the Simple Present of verbs other than the verb <B>to be</B>, the form of
the verb used with the subjects  <B>I</B> , <B>you</B>, <B>we</B>  and <B>they</B> is the same
as the bare infinitive. The form of the verb used with the subjects
<B>he</B>, <B>she</B> and <B>it</B> has the ending <B>s</B> added to the bare infinitive.<BR>
<BR>
For example, the Simple Present of the verb <B>to work</B>  is conjugated as follows:<BR>
<BR>
<CENTER><TABLE>
<TR><TD>I work</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>you work</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>he works</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>she works</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>it works</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>we work</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>they work</TD></TR>
</TABLE></CENTER>
<BR>
The form of the verb used with the subjects <B>he</B>, <B>she</B> and <B>it</B> is generally referred to as the <B>third person singular</B><BR>
<BR>
See <A HREF="gramex02.html#1">Exercise 1</A>.<BR>
<BR>
<A NAME="1a"></A>
<B>a. The simple present of the verb To Have</B><BR>
The Simple Present of the verb <B>to have</B> is slightly irregular, since
the bare infinitive is <B>have</B>, whereas the form of the verb used in the
third person singular is <B>has</B>. The Simple Present of the verb <B>to have</B> 
is conjugated as follows:<BR>
<BR>
<CENTER><TABLE>
<TR><TD>I have</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>you have</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>he has</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>she has</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>it has</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>we have</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>they have</TD></TR>
</TABLE></CENTER>
<BR>
See <A HREF="gramex02.html#2">Exercise 2</A>.<BR>
<BR>

<!--page 9-->
<A NAME="2"></A>
<CENTER><B>2. Spelling rules for adding s in the third person singular</B></CENTER><BR>
Some verbs change their spelling when <B>s</B> is added in the third person
singular.<BR>
<BR>
<A NAME="2a"></A>
<B>a. Verbs ending in y</B><BR>
The English letters <B>a</B>, <B>e</B>, <B>i</B>, <B>o</B> and <B>u</B> are generally referred
to as <B>vowels</B>. The other English letters are generally referred to as <B>consonants</B>.<BR>
<BR>
When a verb ends in <B>y</B> immediately preceded by a <U>consonant</U>, the <B>y</B> is
changed to <B>ie</B> before the ending <B>s</B> is added. In each of the following
examples, the consonant immediately preceding the final <B>y</B> is underlined.<BR><BR>
<TABLE width="95%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD><U><B>Bare Infinitive</B></U></TD><TD><U><B>Third Person Singular</B></U></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </B>stu<U>d</U>y</TD><TD>&nbsp; stu<U>d</U>ies</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; f<U>l</U>y</TD><TD>&nbsp; f<U>l</U>ies</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; car<U>r</U>y</TD><TD>&nbsp; car<U>r</U>ies</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<BR>
However, when a verb ends in <B>y</B> immediately preceded by a <U>vowel</U>, the <B>y</B> 
is <U>not</U> changed before the ending <B>s</B> is added. In each of the following
examples, the vowel immediately preceding the final <B>y</B> is underlined.<BR><BR>
<TABLE width="95%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD><U><B>Bare Infinitive</B></U></TD><TD><U><B>Third Person Singular</B></U></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </B>s<U>a</U>y</TD><TD>&nbsp; s<U>a</U>ys</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; enj<U>o</U>y</TD><TD>&nbsp; enj<U>o</U>ys</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; b<U>u</U>y</TD><TD>&nbsp; b<U>u</U>ys</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<BR>
See <A HREF="gramex02.html#3">Exercise 3</A>.<BR>
<BR>
<A NAME="2b"></A>
<B>b. Verbs ending in o</B><BR>
When a verb ends in <B>o</B>, the letter <B>e</B> is added before the <B>s</B> ending. For example:<BR><BR>
<TABLE width="95%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD><U><B>Bare Infinitive</B></U></TD><TD><U><B>Third Person Singular</B></U></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; do</TD><TD>&nbsp; does</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; echo</TD><TD>&nbsp; echoes</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; go</TD><TD>&nbsp; goes</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<BR>
<A NAME="2c"></A>
<B>c. Verbs ending in ch, s, sh, x or z</B><BR>
When a verb ends in a sibilant sound such as <B>ch</B>, <B>s</B>, <B>sh</B>, <B>x</B> or <B>z</B>,
the letter <B>e</B> is added before the <B>s</B> ending. For example:<BR><BR>
<TABLE width="95%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD><U><B>Bare Infinitive</B></U></TD><TD><U><B>Third Person Singular</B></U></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; pass</TD><TD>&nbsp; passes</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; push</TD><TD>&nbsp; pushes</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; watch</TD><TD>&nbsp; watches</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; fix</TD><TD>&nbsp; fixes</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; buzz</TD><TD>&nbsp; buzzes</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<BR>
See <A HREF="gramex02.html#4">Exercise 4</A>.<BR>

<!--page 10-->
<A NAME="3"></A>
<CENTER><B>3. Pronunciation of the es ending</B></CENTER><BR>
A syllable is a unit of pronunciation, usually consisting of a vowel
sound which may or may not be accompanied by consonants.<BR>
<BR>
When a verb ends in a sibilant sound such as <B>ch</B>, <B>s</B>, <B>sh</B>, <B>x</B> or <B>z</B>,
the <B>es</B>  ending of the third person singular is pronounced as a separate
syllable. The reason for this is that these sounds are so similar to the
sound of the <B>es</B> ending, that the ending must be pronounced as a separate
syllable in order to be heard clearly.<BR>
<BR>
In each of the following examples the bare infinitive consists of one
syllable, whereas the form of the verb used in the third person singular
consists of two syllables.<BR><BR>
<TABLE width="95%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD><U><B>Bare Infinitive</B></U></TD><TD><U><B>Third Person Singular</B></U></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; pa<U>ss</U></TD><TD>&nbsp; pass<B>es</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; pu<U>sh</U></TD><TD>&nbsp; push<B>es</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; cat<U>ch</U></TD><TD>&nbsp; catch<B>es</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; mi<U>x</U></TD><TD>&nbsp; mix<B>es</B></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<BR>
Similarly, when <B>s</B> is added to verbs ending in <B>ce</B>, <B>ge</B>, <B>se</B> or <B>ze</B>, 
the final <B>es</B> is usually pronounced as a separate syllable. In each of
the following examples the bare infinitive consists of one syllable,
whereas the form of the verb used in the third person singular consists<BR>
of two syllables.<BR><BR>
<TABLE width="95%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD><U><B>Bare Infinitive</B></U></TD><TD><U><B>Third Person Singular</B></U></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; ra<U>c</U>e</TD><TD>&nbsp; rac<B>es</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; ra<U>g</U>e</TD><TD>&nbsp; rag<B>es</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; prai<U>s</U>e</TD><TD>&nbsp; prais<B>es</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; do<U>z</U>e</TD><TD>&nbsp; doz<B>es</B></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<BR>
However, when <B>s</B> is added to a verb ending in <B>e</B> preceded by a letter<BR>
<U>other</U> than <B>c</B>, <B>g</B>, <B>s</B> or <B>z</B>, the final <B>es</B> is <U>not</U> pronounced as a
separate syllable. In each of the following examples, both the bare
infinitive and the form of the verb used in the third person singular
consist of one syllable.<BR><BR>
<TABLE width="95%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD><U><B>Bare Infinitive</B></U></TD><TD><U><B>Third Person Singular</B></U></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; ma<U>k</U>e</TD><TD>&nbsp; makes</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; smi<U>l</U>e</TD><TD>&nbsp; smiles</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; di<U>n</U>e</TD><TD>&nbsp; dines</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; sa<U>v</U>e</TD><TD>&nbsp; saves</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<BR>
See <A HREF="gramex02.html#5">Exercise 5</A>.<BR>
<BR>
<A NAME="4"></A>
<CENTER><B>4. The auxiliary Do</B></CENTER><BR>

With the exception of the verb <B>to be</B>, verbs in modern English use the
auxiliary <B>do</B> to form questions and negative statements in the Simple
Present.<BR>

<!--page 11-->
The Simple Present of the verb <B>to do</B> is conjugated as follows:<BR>
<BR>
<CENTER><TABLE>
<TR><TD>I do</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>you do</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>he does</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>she does</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>it does</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>we do</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>they do</TD></TR>
</TABLE></CENTER>
<BR>
<B>Auxiliaries</B> are verbs which are combined with other verbs to form
various tenses. It should be noted that when an auxiliary is combined
with another verb, it is the auxiliary which must agree with the
subject, while the form of the other verb remains invariable.<BR>
<BR>
When the auxiliary <B>do</B>  is combined with another verb, the other verb
always has the form of the bare infinitive.<BR>
<BR>
<A NAME="4a"></A>
<B>a. Questions</B><BR>
In order to form a question in the Simple Present of any verb other
than the verb <B>to be</B>, the Simple Present of the auxiliary <B>do</B> is added
before the subject, and the bare infinitive of the verb is placed after the subject. For example:<BR><BR>
<TABLE width="95%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD><U><B>Affirmative Statement</B></U></TD><TD><U><B>Question</B></U></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; I work.</TD><TD>&nbsp; Do I work?</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; You work.</TD><TD>&nbsp; Do you work?</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; He works.</TD><TD>&nbsp; Does he work?</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; She works.</TD><TD>&nbsp; Does she work?</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; It works.</TD><TD>&nbsp; Does it work?</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; We work.</TD><TD>&nbsp; Do we work?</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; They work.</TD><TD>&nbsp; Do they work?</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<BR>
See <A HREF="gramex02.html#6">Exercise 6</A>.<BR>
<BR>
<A NAME="4b"></A>
<B>b. Negative statements</B><BR>
In order to form a negative statement, the Simple Present of the
auxiliary <B>do</B> followed by the word <B>not</B> is placed before the bare<BR>
infinitive of the verb. For example:<BR><BR>
<TABLE width="95%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD><U><B>Affirmative Statement</B></U></TD><TD><U><B>Negative Statement</B></U></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; I work.</TD><TD>&nbsp; I do not work.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; You work.</TD><TD>&nbsp; You do not work.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; He works.</TD><TD>&nbsp; He does not work.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; She works.</TD><TD>&nbsp; She does not work.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; It works.</TD><TD>&nbsp; It does not work.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; We work.</TD><TD>&nbsp; We do not work.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; They work.</TD><TD>&nbsp; They do not work.</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<BR>
See <A HREF="gramex02.html#7">Exercise 7</A>.<BR>

<!--page 12-->
<A NAME="4bdo"></A>
In spoken English, the following contractions are often used:<BR><BR>
<TABLE width="95%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD><U><B>Without contractions</B></U></TD><TD><U><B>With contractions</B></U></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; do not</TD><TD>&nbsp; don't</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; does not</TD><TD>&nbsp; doesn't</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<BR>
<A NAME="4c"></A>
<B>c. Negative questions</B><BR>
To form a negative question, the Simple Present of the auxiliary <B>do</B> 
is placed before the subject, and the word <B>not</B> followed by the bare
infinitive is placed after the subject. However, when contractions
are used, the contracted form of <B>not</B> follows immediately after the
Simple Present of the auxiliary <B>do</B>. For example:<BR><BR>
<TABLE width="95%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD><U><B>Without contractions</B></U></TD><TD><U><B>With contractions</B></U></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; Do I not work?</TD><TD>&nbsp; Don't I work?</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; Do you not work?</TD><TD>&nbsp; Don't you work?</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; Does he not work?</TD><TD>&nbsp; Doesn't he work?</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; Does she not work?</TD><TD>&nbsp; Doesn't she work?</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; Does it not work?</TD><TD>&nbsp; Doesn't it work?</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; Do we not work?</TD><TD>&nbsp; Don't we work?</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; Do they not work?</TD><TD>&nbsp; Don't they work?</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<BR>
See <A HREF="gramex02.html#8">Exercise 8</A>.<BR>
<BR>
<A NAME="4d"></A>
<B>d. Tag questions</B><BR>
The auxiliary <B>do</B> or <B>does</B> is used for a tag question which follows
a statement containing the Simple Present of a verb other than the verb
<B>to be</B>. In the following examples, the negative tag questions are
underlined. Contractions are usually used in negative tag questions.<BR><BR>
<TABLE width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD><U><B>Affirmative Statement</B></U></TD><TD><U><B>Affirmative Statement with Tag Question</B></U></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; I work.</TD><TD>&nbsp; I work, <U>don't I</U>?</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; You work.</TD><TD>&nbsp; You work, <U>don't you</U>?</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; He works.</TD><TD>&nbsp; He works, <U>doesn't he</U>?</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; She works.</TD><TD>&nbsp; She works, <U>doesn't she</U>?</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; It works.</TD><TD>&nbsp; It works, <U>doesn't it</U>?</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; We work.</TD><TD>&nbsp; We work, <U>don't we</U>?</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; They work.</TD><TD>&nbsp; They work, <U>don't they</U>?</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<BR>
See <A HREF="gramex02.html#9">Exercise 9</A>.<BR>
<BR>
<A NAME="4e"></A>
<B>e. The verb To Have</B><BR>
It should be noted that, particularly in British English, in the case of
the Simple Present and Simple Past of the verb <B>to have</B>, questions and
negative statements are sometimes formed in the same way as for the verb
<B>to be</B>, without the use of the auxiliary <B>do</B>.<BR>
e.g. He has a sister, <U>hasn't he</U>?

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